hardness

英 [ˈhɑːdnɪs]

美 [ˈhɑrdnəs]

n.  硬（刚，强）度；（坚）硬性；坚固（牢）；硬度数；刚度指数；核防护能力; 困难；难解；苛刻；无情

复数：hardnesses　

TOEFLTEM8化学

BNC.12304 / COCA.17667

柯林斯词典

• ADJ-GRADED 硬的;坚硬的;坚固的
  Something that ishardis very firm and stiff to touch and is not easily bent, cut, or broken.
  1. He shuffled his feet on the hard wooden floor...
     他拖着脚在硬木地板上走动。
  2. Something cold and hard pressed into the back of his neck.
     一个冰冷梆硬的东西顶在了他的脖梗儿上。
• ADJ-GRADED 难做的;困难的
  Something that ishardis very difficult to do or deal with.
  1. It's hard to tell what effect this latest move will have...
     很难说最近这次行动会有什么结果。
  2. She found it hard to accept some of the criticisms directed towards her and her work...
     她发现某些针对自己和自己工作的批评意见很难接受。
  3. Our traveller's behaviour on the journey is hard to explain...
     我们的旅客一路上的行为让人很难解释。
  4. That's a very hard question.
     那是个很难的问题。
• ADV-GRADED 努力地;使劲地
  If you workharddoing something, you are very active or work intensely, with a lot of effort.
  1. I'll work hard. I don't want to let him down...
     我会努力工作，我不想让他失望。
  2. Am I trying too hard?
     我是不是努力过头了？
  3. Hardis also an adjective.
     
  4. I admired him as a true scientist and hard worker.
     我钦佩他是个真正的科学家和勤奋工作的人。
• ADJ-GRADED 累人的;费力的;费劲的
  Hardwork involves a lot of activity and effort.
  1. Coping with three babies is very hard work...
     照顾3个宝宝是非常累人的活儿。
  2. ...a hard day's work...
     一天的辛苦工作
  3. Their work is hard and unglamorous, and most people would find it boring.
     他们的工作又累又平淡，多数人会认为很乏味。
• ADV-GRADED 仔细地;认真地
  If you look, listen, or thinkhard, you do it carefully and with a great deal of attention.
  1. He looked at me hard...
     他使劲盯着我看。
  2. You had to listen hard to hear the old man breathe...
     你要仔细听才能听见老人的呼吸声。
  3. People are having to think hard about their holiday plans.
     人们现在得仔细地琢磨自己的度假计划。
  4. Hardis also an adjective.
     
  5. It might be worth taking a long hard look at your frustrations and resentments.
     认真仔细地审视一下自己的失落和不满情绪可能很有必要。
• ADV-GRADED 猛力地;用力地
  If you strike or take hold of somethinghard, you strike or take hold of it with a lot of force.
  1. I kicked a dustbin very hard and broke my toe.
     我狠狠地踢了一脚垃圾箱，结果脚趾骨折了。
  2. Hardis also an adjective.
     
  3. He gave her a hard push which toppled her backwards into an armchair.
     他用力推了她一下，她就向后跌坐在一把扶手椅里。
• ADV-GRADED 强烈地;猛烈的;长时间地
  You can usehardto indicate that something happens intensely and for a long time.
  1. I've never seen Terry laugh so hard...
     我从未见过特里如此放声大笑。
  2. It was snowing hard by then.
     当时雪下得很大。
• ADJ-GRADED 冷酷无情的;心肠硬的
  If a person or their expression ishard, they show no kindness or sympathy.
  1. His father was a hard man...
     他的父亲是个冷酷无情的人。
  2. Kate realized that the previous hard look on Maggie's face had been a mask.
     凯特意识到玛吉原先的那副冷酷表情其实是装出来的。
• ADJ-GRADED 苛刻的;严厉的;不友善的
  If you arehard onsomeone, you treat them severely or unkindly.
  1. Don't be so hard on him.
     别对他太苛刻了。
  2. Hardis also an adverb.
     
  3. He said the security forces would continue to crack down hard on the protestors.
     他说安全部队会继续严厉镇压抗议者。
• ADJ-GRADED 有害的;不利的
  If you say that something ishard ona person or thing, you mean it affects them in a way that is likely to cause them damage or suffering.
  1. The grey light was hard on the eyes...
     光线暗淡对眼睛不利。
  2. These last four years have been hard on them.
     过去的这四年里他们吃了不少苦。
• ADJ-GRADED （生活、一段日子）艰难的，艰苦的
  If you have ahardlife or ahardperiod of time, your life or that period is difficult and unpleasant for you.
  1. It had been a hard life for her...
     对她而言，那是一段非常艰苦的生活。
  2. Those were hard times.
     那些岁月是非常艰难的。
• ADJ-GRADED 非常寒冷的;凛冽的
  Ahardwinter or ahardfrost is a very cold one.
  1. ...a prolonged period of hard frost...
     漫长的强霜冻期
  2. I am expecting a long, hard winter.
     我估计冬天会漫长而寒冷。
• ADJ-GRADED （颜色）刺目的，晃眼的;（声音）刺耳的，难听的
  Hardcolours or sounds are harsh or bright and unpleasant to see or hear.
  1. The sea was a hard blue.
     大海呈一片耀眼的蓝色。
• ADJ （证据、资料）可靠的，确凿的
  Hardevidence or facts are definitely true and do not need to be questioned.
  1. He wanted more hard evidence...
     他想要更多确凿的证据。
  2. There are probably fewer hard facts about the life of Henry Purcell than that of any other great composer since the Renaissance.
     有关亨利·普赛尔生平的可靠资料可能比任何其他文艺复兴以来的伟大作曲家都要少。
• （水质）硬的（指含钙化合物较多）
  Hardwater contains a lot of calcium compounds that stop soap making bubbles and sometimes appear as a deposit in kettles and baths.
• （毒品）毒性强的，烈性的
  Harddrugs are very strong illegal drugs such as heroin or cocaine.
• （语音）发硬音的
  In phonetics, ahardsound is one such as 'c' or 'g' as pronounced in the words 'cat' or 'give', and not as in the words 'cinema' or 'general'.
• PREP-PHRASE 离…很近的
  If one thing ishard byanother, it is very close to it.
  1. Paradise Street was a short, crowded street near the railway station and hard by the factory.
     天堂街是火车站附近一条拥挤的小街道，离该工厂很近。
• PHRASE 受到不公平待遇的;委屈的
  If you feelhard done by, you feel that you have not been treated fairly.
  1. The hall porter was feeling hard done by at having to extend his shift.
     酒店行李搬运工因为被迫延长当班时间而愤愤不平。
• PHRASE 困难的;艰难的
  If you say that something ishard going, you mean it is difficult and requires a lot of effort.
  1. The talks had been hard going at the start.
     会谈从一开始就举步维艰。
• PHRASE 受到沉重打击的;受严重影响的
  To behard hit bysomething means to be affected very severely by it.
  1. California's been particularly hard hit by the recession.
     加利福尼亚受经济衰退的影响尤为严重。
• PHRASE 佯装不感兴趣;故意摆谱
  If someoneplays hard to get, they pretend not to be interested in another person or in what someone is trying to persuade them to do.
  1. I wanted her and she was playing hard to get.
     我想得到她，但她却故意装出不感兴趣的样子。
• PHRASE 十分困难的;处于困境的
  If someone ishard put todo something or, in British English if they arehard pushed todo something, they have great difficulty doing it.
  1. Mr Morton is undoubtedly cleverer than Mr Kirkby, but he will be hard put to match his popularity.
     莫顿先生无疑比柯克比先生更聪明，但他将很难像柯克比先生那样受人欢迎。
• PHRASE 为…而非常苦恼（或难受）；因…而沮丧
  If youtakesomethinghard, you are very upset or depressed by it.
  1. Maybe I just took it too hard.
     可能我真的对此事太过耿耿于怀。

英英释义

noun

• excessive sternness
  1. severity of character
  2. the harshness of his punishment was inhuman
  3. the rigors of boot camp
  Synonym:severityseverenessharshnessrigorrigourrigorousnessrigourousnessinclemencystiffness
• the quality of being difficult to do
  1. he assigned a series of problems of increasing hardness
  2. the ruggedness of his exams caused half the class to fail
  Synonym:ruggedness
• devoid of passion or feeling
  Synonym:unfeelingnesscallousnesscallosityinsensibility
• a quality of water that contains dissolved mineral salts that prevent soap from lathering
  1. the costs of reducing hardness depend on the relative amounts of calcium and magnesium compounds that are present
• the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure

双语例句

• Shooter in rifle and running target events may wear special shooting clothes with specified hardness and thickness under rules;
  步枪和移动靶项目的射手可以穿着规则规定硬度和厚度的特殊射击服装；
• Tensile testing, fracture analysis, microstructure analysis, hardness test were carried out on the welded joint.
  对焊接接头进行了拉伸强度测试、断口分析、金相组织分析、显微硬度分析。
• This is related not only to the wearability, the surface roughness and the oxidation resistance of coating but also to the hardness, the toughness and the bending strength of carbide alloy A.
  这既与涂层的耐磨性、表面粗糙度和抗氧化性能有关，也与硬质合金A的硬度、韧性和抗弯强度有关。
• Only the hardness and elasticity and toughness of the steel is not good steel;
  只有硬度而没有弹性和韧性的钢材称不上好钢；
• The hardness, wear resistance and impact toughness of the alloy were tested.
  测试了试样的硬度、磨损性和冲击韧性。
• This pure gold is commonly alloyed with other metals to increase its hardness and decrease its cost.
  这通常是纯金合金与其他金属，以增加其硬度和降低其成本。
• Adhesion and appearance can be controlled to a degree by using rubber pressure rolls of varying hardness.
  通过使用不同硬度的橡胶压力辊轴可控制附着力和外观。
• It has extremely high hardness, abrasion resistance and serving life.
  它的表层为金刚石粉末烧结而成的多晶金刚石，具有极高硬度、耐磨性和工作寿命；
• Chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased.
  加入铬之宾，钢的强度和硬度都增加了。
• The surface hardness of medium manganese austenite steel's is increased remarkably by using the casting surface alloy.
  通过铸造表面合金化方法，使中锰奥氏体钢表面硬度提高。